Treaty of Paris

Paris, Treaty of, name given to several treaties concluded at or near Paris, France. The Treaty of Paris, 1763, along with the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ended the Seven Years War, including the French and Indian Wars in America. France lost its military rights in India (and thus any chance of ousting the British) and its American possessions. Britain gained Canada, Florida, and parts of Louisiana, and Spain regained Cuba and the Philippines. Freed from the French threat, American colonists stepped up the struggle for independence, which was finally confirmed by the Treaty of Paris, 1783, ending the Revolutionary War. U.S. boundaries were agreed upon as Canada in the north, the Mississippi in the west, and Florida (regained by Spain) in the south, and the United States won fishing rights off Newfoundland. The Treaty of Paris, 1814, attempted to end the Napoleonic Wars after Napoleon Bonaparte's first abdication. France under the restored Bourbon monarchy was allowed to retain its 1782 boundaries and most of its colonies. The Treaty of Paris, 1815, signed after Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo, dealt with France more harshly. French boundaries were reduced to those of 1790, and France had to pay reparations and support an army of occupation for up to 5 years. The Treaty of Paris, 1856, ending the Crimean War, was signed by Russia, Britain, France, Turkey, and Sardinia. Designed largely to protect Turkey from Russia, it guaranteed Turkish independence, declared the Black Sea neutral, opened Danube navigation to all nations, and established Moldavia and Walachia (later Romania) as independent states under Turkish suzerainty. The Treaty of Paris, 1898, ended the Spanish-American War and effectively ended the Spanish empire. Cuba became independent, and the United States gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. After World War I the treaties of Neuilly, Saint-Germain, Sèvres, Trianon, and Versailles were concluded at the Paris Peace Conference. Treaties were also signed in Paris after World War II.