Philip

Philip, name of six kings of France. Philip I (1052–1108) reigned from 1060. He enlarged his small territories and prevented the union of England and Normandy. His practice of simony and his disputed second marriage led him into conflict with the papacy. Philip II, or Philip Augustus (1165–1223), reigned from 1180 and established France as a European power. He joined the Crusades, only to quarrel with Richard the Lion Heart and seize his French territories. By 1204 he had added Normandy, Maine, Anjou, Touraine, and Brittany to his domain, in which he set up new towns and a system of royal bailiffs. Philip III, or Philip the Bold (1245–85), reigned from 1270 and secured Auvergne, Poitou and Toulouse for France. Philip IV, or Philip the Fair (1268–1314), reigned from 1285 and added Navarre and Champagne to the kingdom, but his attempts to overrun Flanders led to his defeat at Courtrai in 1302. He seized Pope Boniface VIII in a quarrel about taxation of clergy, obtained the election of Clement V, a puppet pope residing at Avignon, and seized the land of the crusading order of the Knights Templar. Philip V, or Philip the Tall (1294–1322), reigned from 1317, having invoked the Salic Law of male succession, and carried out reforms to strengthen royal power. The succession in 1328 of Philip VI (1293–1350) through the Salic Law was disputed and led to the Hundred Years War against England.