Shock

Shock, specifically refers to the development of low blood pressure, inadequate to sustain blood circulation, usually causing cold, clammy, gray skin and extremities, faintness, mental confusion, and decreased urine production. It is caused by acute blood loss, burns with plasma loss, acute heart failure, massive pulmonary embolism, and septicemia. If untreated, death ensues. Early replacement of plasma or blood and administration of drugs to improve blood circulation are necessary to prevent permanent brain damage and acute kidney failure.